E-Book Description. Comprehensive coverage includes the etiology and treatment of periodontal diseases, the relationship between periodontal disease and systemic health, and oral implant dentistry Complimentary access to full e-book Key Points provided for each chapter MCQs with answers given for each chapter Exhaustive List of References for each chapter taken online Includes 11 online chs: Critical Thinking: Assessing Evidence.
Fundamentals in the Methods of Periodontal disease Epidemiology. Sleep-disordered breathing Leukocyte and Platelet Rich Fibrin — Biological properties and applications Multidisciplinary versus Interdisciplinary approaches to Dental and Periodontal problems. However, methodic and carefully reasoned therapeutic discussions did not exist until the Arabic surgical treatises of the Middle Ages. Modern treatment, with illustrated text and sophisticated instrumentation, did not develop until the time of Pierre Fauchard during the eighteenth century.
Early Civilizations Oral hygiene was practiced by the Sumerians, the Babylonians, and the Assyrians; this included gingival massage in combination with various herbal medications. Many pathologic conditions of the teeth and their surrounding structures are described in the Talmudic writings. The Classical World Among the ancient Greeks, Hippocrates of Cos BC BC , the father of modern medicine, discussed the function and eruption of the teeth and the etiology of periodontal disease.
Paul of Aegina AD AD wrote that tartar deposits must be removed with either scrapers or a small file and that the teeth should be carefully cleaned after the last meal of the day. The Middle Ages The decline and fall of the Roman Empire that plunged Europe into an age of darkness was accompanied by the rise of Islam and the golden age of Arabic science and medicine.
The Arabic treatises derived their information from Greek medical treatises, but many refinements and novel approaches were added, particularly in surgical specialties. His volume medical encyclopedia, called al-Tasrif, was translated into Latin during the twelfth century, and it was the medical text used in European universities until the seventeenth century. The contributions of Albucasis to dentistry and periodontology were outstanding achievements.
Avicenna was possibly the greatest of the Persian physicians. His Canon, a comprehensive treatise on medicine, was in continuous use for almost years. Albucasis' work was expanded during the fifteenth century by the Turkish author Serefeddin Sabuncuoglu , who included illustrations of the surgical removal of hypertrophic and swollen gingiva and lingual frenum Fig.
Drug treatment should be initiated if there are swollen gums, mobile teeth, and pus formation. If there is no response, surgical treatment should be performed. A tube is placed on the gums. A hot cautery is inserted into the cannula, and the gingival tissue is cauterized. If this is correctly applied, the adjacent teeth will be warm.
Paracelsus recognized the extensive formation of tartar on the teeth and related this to toothache. He considered toothache to be comparable to the pain produced by calculus in other organs, such as the kidneys.
For the treatment of periodontitis, Eustachius recommended both the scaling of calculus and the curettage of granulation tissue so that actual reattachment of the gingival and periodontal tissues could take place. A variety of ointments, which are often astringent in nature, is suggested, and the binding of loose teeth to sound ones with silk or gold thread is recommended. Cauterizing the gingiva with a hot iron is mentioned.
The Italian physician, mathematician, and philosopher Girolamo Cardano appears to have been the first to differentiate among the types of periodontal disease. In a publication dated , he mentions one type of disease that occurs with advancing age and. Anton van Leeuwenhoek of Delft, Holland, was a layman, but he had an inquisitive mind and a hobby of grinding lenses that allowed him to develop the microscope. He used it to discover microorganisms, cellular structure, blood cells, sperm, and various other microscopic structures, including the tubular structure of dentin.
He even performed antiplaque experiments involving the use of strong vinegar in his own mouth and in vitro on bacteria in a dish. The Eighteenth Century Modern dentistry essentially developed in eighteenth century Europe, particularly France and England.
Pierre Fauchard, who was. His book, The Surgeon Dentist, which was published in , covered all aspects of dental practice, including restorative dentistry, prosthodontics, oral surgery, periodontics, and orthodontics17 Fig. Fauchard described in detail his periodontal instruments and the scaling technique for using them Fig. John Hunter , who was the most distinguished anatomist, surgeon, and pathologist of eighteenth-century England, wrote an excellent treatise on dentistry entitled The Natural History of the Human Teeth.
A contemporary of Hunter, Thomas Berdmore , was considered the outstanding dentist in England. In , he published a book that had several chapters devoted to periodontal problems. Riggs graduated from the Baltimore College of Dental Surgery in and practiced in Hartford, Connecticut, where he died on November 11, Riggs seems to have been the first individual to limit his practice to periodontics and therefore can be considered the first specialist in this field. Riggs' publications, however, are limited.
In an paper, Riggs was a strong proponent of the so-called conservative approach to periodontal therapy; he developed the concept of oral prophylaxis and prevention, advocated for the cleanliness of the mouth, and opposed surgery, which at the time consisted of gingival resection. Riggs Among Riggs' followers were L. Taylor, D. Smith, R. Adair, and W. The instruments designed by Younger57 and later modified by his student Robert Good were used widely until well beyond the middle of the twentieth century.
Several major developments in medical science occurred during the second half of the nineteenth century and started the era that can be called modern medicine, which includes dentistry.
Later, with the addition of adrenaline, which was discovered separately in the United States by Jokichi Takamine and Thomas Bell Aldrich, local anesthesia was born. Subsequently, the German physician Robert Koch , in a series of brilliant investigations, discovered the microorganism that causes the cattle disease anthrax and the bacterial etiology of tuberculosis and cholera.
The concepts of Pasteur were transferred to clinical and surgical practice by Joseph Lister of England, and thus the era of antisepsis—and later, asepsis—in surgery was born. Anesthesia and antisepsis made possible extraordinary advances in surgical techniques. Pasteur, Koch, and their collaborators and followers—Elie Metchnikoff, Emile Roux, Paul Ehrlich, Emil von Behring, Shibasaburo Kitasato, and many others—discovered the bacterial etiologies of numerous diseases e.
A third scientific finding that changed the practice of dentistry in. Also during the late nineteenth century, studies by Rudolph Virchow , Julius Cohnhein , Elie Metchnikoff , and others had started to reveal the microscopic changes that occur during inflammation. The Russian N. Znamensky described the complex interaction of local and systemic factors in the etiology of periodontal disease. His observations and concepts were summarized in in a classic paper in which he described the presence in inflamed gingivae of a cellular infiltrate that extends deeper as the disease progresses, thereby causing the bone resorption associated with multinucleated cells osteoclasts and Howship lacunae58 Fig.
The first individual to identify bacteria as the cause of periodontal disease appears to have been the German dentist Adolph Witzel Miller , whose professional activities took place in Berlin, where he embarked on a research career that introduced modern bacteriology principles to dentistry.
Although his greatest accomplishments were in caries research, in his classic book, The Microorganisms of the Human Mouth, which was published in , he described the features of periodontal disease and considered the role of predisposing factors, irritational factors, and bacteria in its etiology. He believed that the disease was not caused by a specific bacterium but by a complex array of various bacteria that are normally present in the oral cavity. This constitutes what was later known as the nonspecific plaque hypothesis, which went unchallenged for seven decades.
Leon Williams , an American dentist who practiced in London and who in described a gelatinous accumulation of bacteria adherent to the enamel surface in relation to caries. Black coined the term gelatinous microbic plaque. He developed a surgical technique that consisted of a scalloped, continuous gingivectomy excision that exposed the marginal bone for subsequent curettage and remodeling.
Hyacinthe Jean Vincent ,23,49 a French physician working at the Pasteur Institute in Paris, and Hugo Carl Plaut 42 in Germany described the spirillum and fusiform bacilli associated with what later became known as Vincent's angina. In , Vincent described the presence of these organisms in ulceronecrotic gingivitis. The Twentieth Century During the first third of the twentieth century, periodontics flourished in central Europe, with two major centers of excellence: Vienna and Berlin.
The major representative from this group was Bernhard Gottlieb , who published extensive microscopic studies of periodontal disease in human autopsy specimens Fig.
A book published in by Gottlieb and Orban presented a complete review in English of the concepts developed by Gottlieb and his coworkers in Vienna. A younger contemporary of Gottlieb's in Vienna was Balint J. Orban Fig. These studies serve as the basis for much of current therapy. Weinmann , and Harry Sicher All of these scientists emigrated to the United States during the s and contributed.
Orban From J Periodontol , Berlin The Berlin group consisted mostly of clinical scientists who developed and refined the surgical approach to periodontal therapy. Prominent in this group were Oskar Weski Fig. Courtesy Dr. Steven I. Gold, New York. Neumann , in a book published in with new editions in , , and , described the principles of periodontal flap surgery, including osseous recontouring as it is currently known20 Fig.
Other clinicians who described flap surgery at the beginning of the twentieth century were Leonard Widman of Sweden 54 and A. Cieszynski of Poland. A bitter controversy developed among Widman, Cieszynski, and Neumann during the s with regard to the priority of describing the periodontal flap. Top, After raising a mucoperiosteal flap, its edge is trimmed with scissors to leave a scalloped outline.
Bottom, Osseous recontouring with burs. Zentler, J. Zemsky, G. Black, O. Kirkland, A. Ward, A. Crane, H. Kaplan, and others. In , Ward introduced the surgical pack under the trade name Wondr-Pak. In , Alfred Fones opened the first school for dental hygienists in Bridgeport, Connecticut. Box Canada ; M. Roy and R. Vincent France ; R. Jaccard and A. Held Switzerland ; F. Carranza, Sr, and R. Erausquin Argentina ; W. James, A. Counsell, and E.
Fish Great Britain ; and A. Leng Chile are well known for their important contributions. Probably the most comprehensive book about periodontics published during the first half of the twentieth century was El Paradencio, Su Patologia y Tratamiento, which was written by the Uruguayan F. Pucci in Focal Infection The concept of systemic diseases originating in dental and oral infections had been mentioned in the Assyrian clay tablets seventh century BC , by Hippocrates BC , in the Babylonian Talmud third century AD , and by Girolamo Cardano and the German Walter Hermann Ryff during the sixteenth century.
Later during the nineteenth century, W. Miller also mentioned oral infections as the cause of many diseases. This idea was taken up by Billings, Rosenow, and many others, who advocated the extraction of all teeth with periodontal or periapical infections to prevent systemic diseases. This led to the wholesale extraction of teeth and the removal of the tonsils. The focal infection theory fell into disrepute when it was found that extractions failed to eliminate or reduce the systemic diseases.
Dental Implants The replacement of human teeth with implants has been attempted for centuries. Skulls with metal or stone implants have been found in a Gallo-Roman necropolis in France and dated from the second century AD; they were also found in a mandible of Mayan origin dated about AD. Maggiolo attempted to place solid-gold roots in human jaws. Later during the nineteenth century, several other investigators used porcelain and metallic implants.
During the first half of the twentieth century, several attempts were made to use elaborate surgical techniques and complicated constructs of gold and other precious metals. Microscopic investigations were begun to address the tissue response to various metals.
In , A. Strock of Harvard University started implanting cobalt—chromium Vitallium screws into tooth sockets. This proved to be quite successful, and it was gradually adopted by the dental profession after the international conference in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Kirsch, G. Niznick, A. Schroeder, and others, and they are widely used at present. In the United States, five individuals led the efforts to advance our understanding of disease processes and the technical approaches needed to address them: Irving Glickman Fig.
Goldman , Balint J. Orban see Fig. Ramfjord , and Helmut A. Zander In the clinical area, the influence of John Prichard and Saul Schluger led to new concepts and new directions in the pursuit of clinical success and excellence. The leading figure of the Scandinavian group was Jens Waerhaug Fig. From J Clin Periodontol , The next generations centered their attention more on the role of microorganisms and the host response, including its defensive and its destructive aspects.
Their contributions, as well as those of their predecessors, are documented in this book. Several workshops and international conferences have summarized existing knowledge regarding the biologic and clinical aspects of periodontology. Worthy of mention are those that were conducted in , , , , , , and , which were cosponsored and published by the American Academy of Periodontology. The American Academy of Periodontology, which was founded in by two female periodontists, Grace Rogers Spalding and Gillette Hayden , has become the leader in organized periodontics.
Its monthly scientific publication, Journal of Periodontology, presents all current advances in this discipline. In Europe, the periodontal societies have joined to form the European Federation of Periodontology, which meets regularly at the Europerio meeting. Their official publication is Journal of Clinical Periodontology. Other scientific periodontal journals in English include Journal of Periodontal Research, Periodontology , and.
With regard to journals in other languages, Journal de Parodontologie France , Periodoncia Spain , and Journal of the Japanese Association of Periodontology deserve mention.
Periodontal education in the United States also has grown during the second half of the twentieth century, and most dental schools have separate and independent units for teaching and research in this discipline. Periodontics was recognized as a specialty of dentistry by the American Dental Association in The first university-based programs for the training of specialists in periodontics were begun in several universities e.
In , the American Academy of Periodontology mandated that all postgraduate periodontal programs increase to a 3-year curriculum because of the increased knowledge in periodontics and the expansion of the scope of periodontics to include the placement of dental implants and the administration of conscious sedation. Currently in the United States, more than 50 periodontal graduate programs are based in universities and hospitals. The History of This Book The originator of this book and the author of its first four editions, which were published in , , , and , was Dr.
Irving Glickman see Fig. Glickman was an outstanding researcher, a superb educator, and a gifted speaker and writer whose concepts shaped periodontal thinking for many years. His style of writing, his ideas, and his philosophy of dental practice can still be found in many areas of this book. After Dr. Glickman's death in at age 58, responsibility for continuing this book moved to Dr.
Carranza, who had been a student and collaborator of Dr. At the time, Dr. Carranza was professor and chairman of periodontics at the School of Dentistry of the University of California, Los Angeles.
Carranza, who is now professor emeritus at the University of California, Los Angeles. In , the task of maintaining the book's tradition of almost half a century changed hands once again. Newman and Henry H. Carranza to take major responsibility for the ninth edition.
Starting with the tenth edition, they were joined by Dr. Perry Klokkevold. References 1. La chirurgie. Artzney Buchlein. English translation in Dent Cosmos , ]. Liber Canonis. Berdmore T. A treatise on the disorders and deformities of the teeth and gums. B White: London; Black GV. Special dental pathology. Medico-Dental Publishers: Chicago; Osseointegrated implants in the treatment of the edentulous jaw: experience from a year period.
Breasted JH. The Edwin Smith surgical papyrus. University of Chicago Press: Chicago; Carranza FA. Carranza FA, Shklar G. The history of periodontology.
Quintessence: Chicago; Castiglione A. History of medicine. Knopf: New York; Chernin D, Shklar G. Levi Spear Parmly: father of dental hygiene and children's dentistry in America. J Hist Dent. Dabry P.
La medicine chez les Chinois. Plon: Paris; Dobell C. Ebbel B. The papyrus Ebers. Levin and Munksgaard: Copenhagen; Eustachius B. A little treatise on the teeth. Fauchard P. Le chirurgien dentiste, ou traite des dents. Fischman SL. The history of oral hygiene: how far have we come in years. Periodontol Fleischmann L, Gottlieb B. Beitrage zur histologie und pathogenese der alveolarpyorrhoe. Z Stomatol. Gold SI. Robert Neumann: a pioneer in periodontal flap surgery.
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Biology and pathology of the tooth and its supporting mechanism. Guerini V. History of dentistry. Held A-J. Periodontology—from its origins up to a survey. Birkhauser: Boston; Hirschfeld I. The toothbrush: its use and abuse. Hoffman-Axthelm W. Hunter J. The natural history of the human teeth. J Johnson:. Hunter W. Oral sepsis as a cause of disease. Br Med J. An address on the role of sepsis and antisepsis in medicine. Jastrow N. The medicine of the Babylonians and Assyrians.
Proc Soc Med London. Karolyi M. Beobachtungen ber pyorrhea alveolaris. Vjschr Zahnheilk. Koecker A. An essay on the devastation of the gums and the alveolar processes. Philadelphia J Med Phys Sci. Major RHL. A history of medicine. Miller WD. The human mouth as a focus of infection. Dent Cosmos. Neumann R. Die alveolarpyorrhoe und ihre behandlung. New to This Edition. Michael G. Balaji PDF Free. Please enter your comment! Please enter your name here.
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