Issue Section:. You do not currently have access to this content. View full article. Sign in Don't already have an account? Client Account. You could not be signed in. Sign In Forgot password? Don't have an account? Sign in via your Institution Sign In. Buy This Article. The head of this section, Pierre Ivanovitch Ratchkovsky, foiled bombing attempts that he had masterminded himself, had personal foes assassinated, wrote letters denouncing so-called revolutionaries, and published anonymous pamphlets that he would then use as proof of anti-czarist activity that needed to be curbed.
The Protocols gives a taste of his imagination. He was looking for a scapegoat in order to calm down Russian unrest against the czar in the s. The Jews came in handy, since anti-Semitism was widespread in Russia, and conspiracy theories involving Jews were blossoming at the time. Indeed, another paradigmatic claim of Jewish conspiracy occurred in France in with the Dreyfus Affair. Ratchkovsky, who was later unmasked as the author of pseudo-revolutionary pamphlets and forced to return to Russia, fabricated the Protocols in or in Paris.
The editor of the journal, Krutschevan, a well-known anti-Semitic leader in Russia, was the organizer of the recent pogrom government-orchestrated attack on Jews and Jewish property in Kishinev. Like in all subsequent editions of the Protocols , there is no mention of the author or the origin of the manuscript.
The czar and his advisors were impressed by the content of the text, though it was quickly understood to be a forgery.
However, it did not deter the Orthodox Church and other institutions from distributing it throughout the Russian Empire and beyond. By , it became a bestseller in Europe and the United States, where it was published by the American car magnate and notorious anti-Semite Henry Ford. But then came the brutal and barbaric Communist Bolshevik Revolution in Russia and its captive republics, led by covert Masonic Jews Lenin, Trotsky, Kaganovich, and others.
The cruel and sinister crimes of the crypto-Jew revolutionaries seemed to have jumped off the pages of the Protocols. The Red Terror, with its torturous massacres of innocent people, its monstrous gulag concentration camps, and the setting up of a Jewish dictatorship, also followed the agenda of the Protocols as did the persecution everywhere of Christians and churches.
Today, a typical Internet search yields several hundred thousand sites that disseminate, sell, or debate the Protocols or expose them as a fraud. We would like to thank Crown Family Philanthropies and the Abe and Ida Cooper Foundation for supporting the ongoing work to create content and resources for the Holocaust Encyclopedia. View the list of all donors. Trending keywords:. Featured Content. Tags Find topics of interest and explore encyclopedia content related to those topics.
Browse A-Z Find articles, photos, maps, films, and more listed alphabetically. For Teachers Recommended resources and topics if you have limited time to teach about the Holocaust. Wise — International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg. About This Site. Glossary : Full Glossary. More information about this image. Fraud Exposed In , the London Times presented conclusive proof that the Protocols was a "clumsy plagiarism.
Media Essay Protocols of the Elders of Zion.
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