The 2 Sample Copy. Handbook of Research Methodology techniques used in descriptive research are can be of all kinds like survey methods, comparative and correlational methods etc.
On the other hand, in analytical research, , the researcher could be use the facts, information, data which is already available, and analyze these sources to make a hypothesis to evaluation of the material.
Fundamental: Applied research refers to finding a solution for specific, practical problem facing by an individual, society or an industrial or business organization, for example how to abolish hate crime, what are the ways to market a product, what is causing increased poverty etc. This is pure and basic type of research, for example an investigation looking for whether stress levels influence how often students engage in academic cheating or how caffeine consumption impacts the brain.
Thus, the main aim of applied research is to find out a solution for some critical practical problem, whereas basic research is handling towards finding information that has a wide sense of applications to the already existing organized body of scientific knowledge.
Qualitative: In natural sciences and social sciences, quantitative research is based on the aspect of quantity or extent. It is related to object that can be expressed in terms of quantity or something that can be counted. Such type of research involve systematic experimental analysis of observable phenomenon via statistical, mathematical or computational techniques in numerical form such as statistics, percentages, etc.
Such type of research is typically descriptive and harder to analyze than quantitative data. Qualitative research involves looking in-depth at non-numerical data.
It is more naturalistic or anthropological. Empirical: Conceptual research is that related to some abstract idea s or theory. It focuses on the concept and 3 Sample Copy. Shanti Bhushan Mishra, Shashi Alok theory that explain the concerned theory being studied.
It is generally used by logicians, philosophers and theorist to develop new concepts or to again understand the existing ones. On the other hand, empirical research relies on experience or observation alone. It is a way of gaining knowledge by means of direct and indirect observation or experience.
We can also refer it as experimental type of research. In such a research it is necessary to get the facts and data firstly, their source, and then actively engaged to doing certain things to stimulate the production of desired information. In the former case the research is restricted to a single time-period, while in the latter case the research is carried on over several time- periods.
Research can be field-setting research or laboratory research or model research, which will depend upon the environment in which it is to be carried out. Research may be understood as clinical or diagnostic research. Such research follows case-study methods or exhaustively approaches to reach the basic reasons behind the problems.
The research may be exploratory or it may be formalized. The objective of exploratory research is the creation of hypotheses rather than their testing, whereas formalized research are those with significant structure and with specific hypotheses to be tested.
The term historical research is refers to that which make use of historical resource like documents, papers, leaflets remains, etc. Research can also be classified as conclusion-oriented and decision-oriented. While doing conclusion oriented research, a researcher having freethinking to choose a problem, redesign the queries as he proceeds and is prepared to conceptualize as he wants.
Decision-oriented research is always for the need of a decision maker and the researcher in this case is not free to get on research according to his own preference. Handbook of Research Methodology Research Process Research process consists of sequence of actions or steps necessary to effectively carry out research and the desired progression of these steps. The chart shown in Figure 1represents a research process. But these activities should be following in a strictly prescribed sequence otherwise researcher may face the problem in completion of the research.
In the research process, each step is specific and they are separate and distinct from each other. However, the following order relating to various steps provides a useful procedural instruction regarding the research process: 1 Identification of research problem 2 Broad literature survey 3 Hypothesis formulation 4 Preparation of research design 5 Determining sample design 6 Data collection 7 Analysis of data 8 Hypothesis testing 9 Generalizations and interpretation 10 Preparation of the report or presentation of the results, 5 Sample Copy.
Identification of research problem: There are two types of research problems like, those which relate to states of nature means that denote the hypothetical conditions of what the lives of people might have been like before societies came into existence and those which relate to relationships between different variables.
Initially the researcher must recognize the problem he wants to study, i. At the onset the problem may be discussed in a broad way and then the doubts, if any, relating to the problem may be resolved. Then, the probability of a particular clarification has to be considered before working on formulation of the problem. Basically two steps are involved in formulating the research problem, viz.
The most excellent way of understanding the problem is to discuss it with contemporaries or with those having some knowledge in the related matter. In an academic institution the researcher can take the assistance from a guide who is usually an experienced man and has several research problems in his mind. In private business units or in governmental organizations, the problem is usually allocate by the administrative agencies with whom the researcher can discuss the problem originally that how it is came about and what reflections are involved in its possible clarification.
Broad literature survey: After the identification of research problem, the researcher must at study all available literature to get himself familiar with the selected problem. He may review two types of literature first is the conceptual literature which is related to the concepts and theories, and second is the empirical literature which consisting of previous studies similar to the proposed research problem. The researcher should undertake vast literature survey concerned with the problem.
For this purpose, the abstracting and indexing journals and published or unpublished bibliographies are the first place where researcher can get the 6 Sample Copy. Handbook of Research Methodology information or knowledge. Academic journals, conference proceedings, government reports, books etc.
After this the researcher revise the problem into analytical or operational terms i. This assignment of formulating, or defining, a research problem is a important step in the entire research process. Once the problem is formulated, a synopsis of it should be written down.
Hypotheses formulation: After the literature survey, researcher should make a hypothesis or working hypothesis. Working hypothesis is a guess made to test the logical or empirical outcome of a research.
A hypothesis assists to explain the research problem and objective into a comprehensive explanation or prediction of the expected results of the study. Hypothesis is derived from the research problem, literature review and conceptual framework. Since Hypothesis is to be tested therefore it should be very specific and limited to the piece of research. Hypothesis formulation could be done by using the following approaches: a Discussions with colleagues and experts about the research problem, its source, cause and the objectives in search of a solution; b Assessment of data and records, c Evaluation of similar previous studies in the area similar problems; and d Personal investigation which involves original field survey Thus, any hypotheses take place as a result of a-prior thinking about the subject, assessment of the available data and material including related previous studies.
Formulation of working hypotheses is a basic step of any research process. Preparation of research design: A good research design will be prepared if a research problem should be stated clearly. In other words, the purpose of research design is refers as general procedure that you choose to combine the various components of 7 Sample Copy. Shanti Bhushan Mishra, Shashi Alok the study in a consistent and logical way. It comprises the outline for the collection, measurement, and analysis of data.
A flexible research design which offers the opportunity for allowing the different aspects of a problem is considered suitable if the purpose of the research study is to be clear.
The first edition of the novel was published in September 1st , and was written by Jennifer Brown. The book was published in multiple languages including English, consists of pages and is available in Hardcover format.
The main characters of this young adult, contemporary story are Valerie Leftman, Nick Levil. Award and many others. Please note that the tricks or techniques listed in this pdf are either fictional or claimed to work by its creator. We do not guarantee that these techniques will work for you. We gratefully acknowledge Neil Salkind and Bruce Frey for writing an excellent text. Special thanks are also due to Jaye Pedante and Dr.
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